Who is the editor of silicon chip magazine

Are there any other Silicon Chip subscribers out there? What is your opinion on your current level of enjoyment of the publication? Thanks in advance. I haven't subscribed in years now, and when I did it was just as a support thing for the last remaining Oz electronics magazine, I didn't really find anything of value in it.

That wasn't a reflection on the quality of the publication, but because like yourself, my tastes and needs have changed. The following users thanked this post: Mr. I bought it for decades, then I found Circuit Cellar and had a digital subscription for a years. Maybe check out Circuit Cellar if you are looking for a change.

Kloonk Super Contributor Posts: Country:. The online incarnation of the mag is, frankly, irritating. You can read this page but not that. It's needs to be a selection of entire articles available not just the first page of all articles. The opening two pages of the amplifier in the latest edition might have interested me but I couldn't justify the expense of the whole mag just to find out what the schematic looks like. But I can't buy the kit if I can't see more info about what is in it.

For clarity, I would appreciate if the linked pages in the online edition clearly spelled out that an entire article is not free for view and I could then gauge whether or not it's worth going down the rabbit hole. It is implied that I can view 40 pages and I assumed that meant I could open any 40 pages but no, I open the article of most interest, the amplifier, and as soon as I flip the page.. Pay wall. And for that the mag can eat a bag of dicks just like Mr Murdoch.

Kloonk ». I have similar dilemmas about my print media magazines. But I am nostalgic for print, and know that if people like us drop them they will disappear. So far the cost hasn't driven me away from my sentimentality. Quote from: DTJ on January 19, , am. Quote from: Ed. Kloonk on January 19, , am. Quote from: wilfred on January 19, , am.

Sc, M. Hons 1 , PhD, Grad. ACN ABN 20 No part of this publication may be reproduced without the written consent of the publisher. For overseas rates, see our website or email silicon siliconchip. Phone 02 E-mail: silicon siliconchip. This could be in the centre console or glovebox, and have an SD card slot for recording video from those cameras while the ignition is on.

With the second generation design capable of generating a x pixel video output, the requirement for a more stable clock became critical. This oscillator is very stable and supports the extended resolutions that many users would like to use. The top connector is for the you also upgrade the hardware to an keyboard, while the lower connector is for a mouse.

It is also version and a later MHz version. This ingly, they used the same part number Usually, video images are stored in means that you can get Micromite pro- for both versions. This, minimal changes. Using this, the mand at the MMBasic prompt, and has flushed out most of the MHz firmware can assemble much larger the interpreter will execute it immedi- chips, as over the past few months, images.

This RAM is also used to ately. This reasonably sure that the second gen- grams. But, that is not guaranteed. This is effective, but if you ming language. This is the an external 8MHz oscillator module. This is also used to keep alive photographs. The current the processor to the outside world. When puter. Typically, this is done using a col stack, 2. The serial console allows you to connect a Maximite 2 to access a WiFi network. Internet features built in, but you can connected. You can do everything that can be access the ESP using a standard done via the keyboard and monitor serial interface and the AT commands Rear panel features except graphics via this interface.

With special Along the back panel starting from You can enter and edit programs, set firmware running on the ESP, you the left is the VGA connector for your options, run programs etc. So in Windows 10 and other operating nate the front panel. These will accept an expensive and complicated HDMI systems.

The first generation Colour Maxim- Classic game controllers; MMBasic There are also difficulties associated ite 2 used a different chip for the same can work with either.

These converters cost a lot less consists of two stacked USB Type-A Positioned between the two game than it would cost us to implement sockets. These are for the keyboard controller connectors are two LEDs. This supports The second-generation design sup- LED initially illuminates to indicate 28 inputs or outputs, with 12 of these ports two types of mouse interfaces.

This is a handy indicator if you as PWM outputs or to handle serial troller chip www. Following this, the red LED is used The pin allocations on this connec- You can then plug the mouse into the to indicate SD card activity. It will tor are inverted compared to the first USB mouse socket the lower socket.

Typically, remove the card while the LED is lit. Next to it is the audio caused problems. The tip is the left channel, the So the Generation 2 version cor- type of mouse interface supported. The output is a high-impedance pin numbering. Programs can generate audio in With the second generation design, The adaptor also provides the physi- many formats, ranging from simple this is no longer necessary. A typical ture: it can be set to be on when the the Colour Maximite 2 earlier, but the example is the Microsoft Basic Opti- toggle is down for Australian and New serial console feature needs a little cal Mouse, which is low in cost under Zealand readers , or the opposite for explanation.

Both must have a 4. This can be assem- in place. You can stripboard. This only takes half an mouse socket the lower socket. A Where to get it hour or so. The soldering skills. Rictech Ltd in New Zealand www. For brave readers, a construction Both the file manager and the edi- rictech.

The only difference is that you will need to solder some wires Fig. For the mouse to be connector, as illustrated in Fig. For a modest fee, you can have your boards professionally assembled using parts that you specify, and in many cases these components will cost just a pittance! Furthermore, for bled. This includes the PCB fabrica- parts as you would normally do, but someone who is not comfortable sol- tion, supply of the components and instruct your PCB design software to dering SMD components, this avoids the soldering of these components generate two extra files: a Bill Of Mate- that issue entirely.

With these files the times have changed. A little over ten The process is remarkably cheap fabricator has enough information to years ago, a typical hobby project and easy, even if you only want a cou- supply the components and solder would be based on a single-sided PCB ple of boards assembled. For the home them in their correct positions.

It has about components supplied and soldered, with only the large components connectors, switch etc to be fitted. Now, a fabricator will make to the PCB design software. How cator needs these numbers to identify smt-assembly great is that?

Then you can browse the var- There are a few tricks to selecting cuit board Peter Mather in the UK ious categories Capacitors, Resistors parts.

If the part is not in their catalog used DesignSpark. These are all surface mount com- yourself after receiving the board. When you But do not be put off if you cannot in China. There are other companies select a component, it will list the part initially find the component that you mainly in China; there are some in code used by the fabricator, which, need.

You must then fication etc. An extended search often Still, we will use them as an example enter this part code into the properties will get you what you need; JLCPCB of how you go about getting your own of the component in the PCB design says that they stock over 80, com- boards populated. We have covered how to design You can also search for parts and As a last resort, it might be easier to PCBs before, so we will not go over find their numbers at the LCSC web- redesign your circuit to use something that again.

However, to get the fabri- site, which is a Chinese component that they do have in stock, for example, cator to populate the board, you need supplier and the sister company of a regulator with a different footprint. If you plan to have the Second Generation Colour Maximite 2 board assembled during , you will prob- ably find that the ARM processor and the 32 megabit memory chips are out of stock. This is due to the current semi- conductor shortage; all you can do is wait until they come back into stock, then get in quickly before they run out.

This primarily their part code. The extended components are the less common items that are stored in their warehouse. These must be retrieved and loaded on the pick-and- place robot specially for your build, so they attract an additional charge per item generally a few dollars each.

You need to watch out for the extended fee, as it can add up. Given the number of place robots to place the component on the PCB. You can then upload your great detail. The components are pho- imperial resistors, listed as basic Gerber files defining the PCB. That torealistic, with their markings clearly parts eliminated that cost with no dif- is easy; just drag and drop the ZIP or visible, and they should be positioned ference in functionality.

RAR file containing all the files onto in their correct location. This image is almost as good as hav- are generally reasonably priced. The other PCB thickness, copper finish etc , but what you intended. If you were assembling Gen2.

JLCPCB will auto-fill most of that you did not realise existed when that at home, you would likely end up the entries based on the Gerber files you designed the board. The most purchasing 10 or even to get that which is very convenient — but not all common is incorrect component ori- single resistor at a reasonable cost. At this point, the website will ask It is possible that the orientation Component Placement Files you to select which Gerber files repre- of the component in your PCB foot- With the correct part codes entered sent the various copper layers on your print will be different from the foot- into the component properties, you board and the number of boards that print used by JLCPCB.

That can cause can then get your PCB design soft- you want to be made. But at etc. So check every part thoroughly CPL files. These are spreadsheets, the bottom of the web page, there is a and, if necessary, edit the CPL file to normally in Excel format. If you choose that, you the offending component, then reload some reformatting to suit the fabrica- will be asked how many you want to the file.

The fabricator is really web page that asks you to upload the bled board. Again, this is a This includes the price for the board the reference designator. This page lists sonable number of boards made, but placed on and the rotation of the com- all the components on the board and it is still worthwhile if you only want ponent in degrees.

It is vital that you check this mum. These costs component assembly. Since then, the to create the PCB stencil , which has select something different. You can exchange rates and component prices the outlines of the solder paste stencil either go back to your PCB design soft- could have changed, so your experi- that is used to deposit solder paste on ware to make the change, or you can ence might vary. Most PCB assem- just manually edit the BOM file and Given the complexity of the board, blers will add a separate charge to man- change the part number there.

Either way, you will have to especially considering that everything For a four-layer PCB, as used in the upload your files again and recheck is supplied and soldered for you. Second Generation Colour Maximite the component listing to ensure that The actual assembly cost was small, 2, there are a total of ten files required all is OK.

The final step is to check the pre- would be bothered soldering a hun- view provided by JLCPCB of the dred tiny components when you could Placing the order assembled board. Black, Negative Feedback and the History of Operational Amplifiers Op amps and negative feedback circuits are ubiquitous today, and you would be forgiven for thinking that they have been around forever.

But there was a time when electronics was still developing, and such devices had not yet been invented. In , Harold S. An idea popped into his head that would dramatically change electronic communications, which continues to be used to the present day. His idea was for a negative feedback amplifier, where the gain is accurately set and distortion limited by feeding part of the output signal back into the amplifier.

Black sketched his idea on a mis- printed page of his copy of the New York Times, the only paper that he had on him. When Black got to his office, he had a colleague witness and sign it — see Fig. For long-distance telephone calls, repeat- ers had to be added to cover the dis- tance. But these repeaters had too much distortion, so by the time the audio signal reached its destination, it was unintelligible.

Black realised that amplifier distor- tion and noise could be reduced using negative feedback, at the expense of reduced amplifier gain. He later said Fig. This one is from patent 2,,, showing some possible ways of building an amplifier with negative feedback using valve s. Black used his new idea to design control, battery monitoring, instru- types, singles, doubles, quads etc. Ragazinni with the title pair of wires.

Black was granted 62 pat- back. His most famous pat- in discrete circuits in most issues of George A. Philbrick Researches intro- ent is number 2,,, which you Silicon Chip. It comes to 87 amps are available to suit just about any were introduced by Burr-Brown pages and includes many detailed application; low-power types, high- Research Corporation and GA Phil- drawings including circuits and plots speed types, high-gain types, precision brick Researches Inc in Other important plots in the patent include gain curves, stability criteria, equivalent circuits and several practi- cal implementations of the technique.

The importance of negative feedback Almost all analog equipment man- ufactured today uses negative feed- back. This includes circuits that han- dle audio signals, analog video, motor. The first solid-state monolithic op many varieties, up to the present day.

You can think of op amps as the amp IC, designed by Bob Widlar and One particularly popular model was building blocks for most analog cir- offered to the public in , was the the uA, which has been improved cuits. Some variants of it, such as the LM, Negative feedback But it required strange supply volt- are still being produced today! Still, it was Modern op amps mostly use the same tortion and set a fixed gain? It was used mentation details, such as the method the non-inverting input voltage minus mainly by the US military due to its of internal frequency compensation.

One big benefit of the op amp is large factor in some cases, over one Then the uA from Fairchild its flexibility. It can perform a wide million.

If we say the gain is exactly Semiconductor was released in So unless we are using the op amp like a compara- tor a possible op amp function , the inputs will almost always be at a very similar voltage. The negative feedback is typically configured to ensure that this is the case.

Often, the output will be connected directly to the inverting input. But in some cases, the resulting source impedance mismatch between the inputs can cause temperature drift and other problems. Resistor Rf can be chosen to match the non-inverting source impedance to avoid this. As with the buffer, this circuit can be connected to a signal source that has a high impedance, but it still provides a low-impedance output.

It Fig. This sets the voltage increases. Thus, an op amp- of the AC gain, so it is mostly used between the inputs will be negative, based amplifier can give an essentially when amplifying AC signals; also refer so the output voltage will decrease.

Thus, the output voltage will tend quencies, whereas a transistor or valve By reducing the DC gain of the cir- towards 10V. The output is The practical gain limit depends on tional microvolts of error. For exam- So it is pretty close to an ideal ampli- inverting input. As the output of an ple, an op amp with a gain bandwidth fier with fixed gain; that is certainly not op amp has near-zero impedance due the case with a typical single-transistor to feedback , but the input has a rel- or single-valve amplifier!

Due to man- atively high impedance, this config- ufacturing tolerances, it is challenging uration is useful to avoid the circuit to set up bias a single transistor or feeding the input from being loaded valve to provide an exact gain.

Even if you achieve it eg, by trimming , it will likely change with temperature and over time. Note how the exact gain of the op amp is not important; it only affects the tiny gain error. The overall gain Fig. Optional to the desired value. While it an inverting amplifier with multiple has the advantage that the gain can signal sources.

As both op amp inputs Fig. Noise and distor- arguably more effective here since it This circuit needs precise resistor tion in the output increase with gain, reduces the gain at very high frequen- matching for a good common-mode as there is less feedback closed-loop cies to zero rather than unity.

Even with bandwidth for the op amp to work 4 Virtual ground mixer 0. Trimming can give good results, By feeding a signal into the invert- multiple resistors feeding different although the procedure can be tricky. Rin, so unlike the non-inverting ver- between the signals which might be Most instrumentation amplifiers sion, gain values less than unity ie, significant in a mixing console, where use a slightly different internal circuit attenuation are possible without a they are fed to multiple locations.

While you using a single external resistor. How- input impedance of the op amp is can build it using regular op amps, ever, the basic principle is the same. This can be solved by adding albeit in modified form , difference the input voltages can be well outside a unity-gain buffer between the signal amplifiers and current shunt monitors. A current shunt monitor is a One advantage of this configuration this circuit.

It provides an extremely specialised version of an instrumenta- is that both op amp inputs are held at useful function; it takes the difference tion amplifier. All are based internally a constant voltage Vbias , so there is between two voltages, multiplies it by on op amps or similar circuits.

This is ideal for circuits that need to sense peak signal levels, such as audio clipping meters. Changing the resistors to capacitors and capacitors to resistors makes it a high-pass filter instead.

This provides precisely Alternatively, you can use the configu- verter ADC or similar. They have a the same function as the Sallen-Key fil- ration shown in Fig. This is important bandwidth. The only disadvantage is multiple filters, it can be re-inverted for rectifying low-level signals too low the use of one more resistor. They are off frequency, go to siliconchip.

Note that it is possible to build a the depth of the notch, changes based Fig. The half- filter using a single op amp. This will selected. This is shown at siliconchip. The resistor values shown result and capacitors. As with the low-pass This is useful in circuits like graphic in unity gain. The values filters, by adjusting the resistances and could be changed to give a fixed gain capacitances, it is possible to design if necessary.

Butterworth has minimal The simplest way to implement a essentially no ripple in the passband, low-pass filter with an op amp is to but different filter types such as Che- combine a basic RC low-pass filter byshev trade off increased passband with a unity-gain buffer. However, a ripple for a steeper roll-off beyond it.

It uses negative Fig. It is superior to filter, using just one op amp. It also A second-order bandpass filter can an actual inductor in many signal allows gain to be applied.

The ratio can be and small size. Inductor tolerances 14 Other uses for op amps set using fixed or variable resistors or are typically much wider than capac- An op amps can be used as a basic even other impedances! A comparator IC as W. These work quite well as better than a resonant circuit based on is essentially just an op amp with basic headphone drivers, with rela- an actual inductor.

An most headphones to deliver decent such as the ability to have as many integrator produces an output ramp volume, using one low-cost IC. This one shows bass and ramp rate of change. The traditional volume to provide a logarithmic transfer func- forms at fixed or variable frequencies; control method is a logarithmic poten- tion. As a result, its output voltage is primarily sinewaves, but also triangle tiometer, but dual versions usually a constant multiple of the natural log- waves or sawtooth waveforms.

An op amp especially a CMOS they are not great for stereo circuits. This can be used as the basis of a type can be used as a high input- The Baxandall active circuit pro- multiplier circuit; by taking the natu- impedance buffer amplifier or guard vides logarithmic-like control with ral loge x of several voltages, summing ring for monitoring sensors that cannot a linear potentiometer for superior or averaging them, then exponentiat- handle any loading, such as narrow- tracking.

It can also offer significantly ing the result, the output voltage is the band oxygen sensors and pH sensors. CMOS op amps can have input imped- adjusts the gain over a wide range, Other mathematical functions can ances in the terohms range more than from zero up to many times as set by be applied to voltages by an op amp, one trillion ohms!

For a very long time, the signals at amplifiers are variations on this theme. The generalised impedance con- the inputs and outputs of an op amp. It is elegant and expandable, with virtually no This gives exponential gain control with a linear interaction between the stages in this case, two: bass and treble potentiometer and a wide range of gain settings adjustments.

No matter how many bands it has, only one op amp with a reasonably constant noise level. After accounting amp. For example, if you had an op supply voltages, like 1. These days, single op amps are also But more recently, single-supply Note that RRIO op amps sometimes available in tiny 5-pin SMD packages and rail-to-rail output op amps started compromise performance in other for where space is at a premium.

The op amp is an incredibly flexi- eg, 0V. So a single-supply op amp ble device, available these days at very running from 12V can handle signals Multiple op amps low cost and in a vast range of differ- of say V. As op amps became cheaper and ent versions, optimised for different Rail-to-rail output op amps gener- more versatile, dual and quad op amps tasks.

While it is possible to process ally have the same input limitations as became popular. These save money analog signals without op amps, gener- standard op amps, but their output can and space; a quad op amp IC often ally, the results will be worse.

So most swing over virtually the entire supply costs less than twice what a single one analog designers make extensive use range. This is especially useful when does, and only requires two power of op amps in their circuitry. Most dual 8-pin and quad that most designers would have diffi- the rails anyway at least, not without pin op amp ICs use the same pin- culty doing without. But it still looks and plays much like the original game. But his faithful recreation depends on is the first to win 11 rallies.

No doubt those who com. He spe- Our version of this classic game is But we have tried to emulate the cifically mentioned single-chip solu- made using not much more than a style and gameplay of the older game. This project is an attempt to sive components. One of the chips we Nano Pong is closely inspired by chip emulates the gameplay mechan- looked at then was the PIC12F the original Pong; two players con- ics, and generates analog audio and microcontroller.

It was about the trol on-screen bats that vie to keep the video signals that can be fed to a PAL cheapest 8-pin PIC we could find at ball in play. Still, he made the PCB smaller and. A single 8-pin PIC microcontroller and surface-mounted passives are complemented by a handful of off-board parts for the player controls. CON1 is the first modern flourish. Since many used to make a more intuitive inter- shrill-sounding square wave.

By pressing the involve colour transmission, so many troller, bypassed by a nF capacitor. As the lowest voltage is in the number of lines that are sent internal program from flash memory the pot can generate is around 1.

Modern TVs will usually as soon as power is applied. Pins 7 and 6 of IC1 are inputs to this as a button press. The top padder This signal is formed from digi- the ADC analog-to-digital converter resistor limits the worst-case current tal levels at output pins 2 and 3 of peripheral and communicate the through the switch.

It feeds a SYNC. The resistors are fitted to the PCB. With the W padding resistors in series with the 5V supply, the player pad- dle wipers vary between 1. Once finished, the PCB and cabling can be covered with heatshrink tubing. During the visible video area, the video intensity is determined by the signal voltage, between the black and white levels. A longer sync signal is used to trig- ger a vertical retrace.

Thus, a single 1V peak-to-peak ana- log signal can encode raster inten- sity and both horizontal and vertical synchronisation to recreate a 2-D TV image. Software Understanding the following is not necessary for getting Nano Pong to Scope 1: a scope grab of the video signal for a typical scan line, along with a portion of the display around that scan line, so you can see how they work.

Still, it is interesting to com- correspond. Each line is delimited by the dips in the trace to the low sync level pare it with how the original version horizontal sync pulses , while the peaks correspond to a white raster on a operates, especially since the original black background. The red lines indicate that there is a substantial part of the version was purely hardware-based. Accurately emulating the logic chips in Pong would be a better job Fig. Each horizontal scan line ury we do not have.

Most older PICs would require a Player 2 bat. The ball is crystal oscillator to provide an accu- produced separately by rate enough clock to display a TV the PWM peripheral so image, which would take up two of that it can appear at any our eight pins.

So how does a TV translate this sig- positions per line. The use positions, we can use 8-bit the output is 0V, which corresponds to TV continually scans its raster in left bytes to hold pixel locations. With SYNC to right horizontal scan lines from top tice, the actual horizontal play area is high and LUM low, the TV sees around to bottom of the screen, with each scan around positions.

Finally, with both pins of a new horizontal line. The visible would not be present with a more pre- high, a level near 1V is seen, which area takes up most, but not all, of the cise crystal oscillator. The ball language so that we know how long is in play after Player 1 every part of our program will take to has won the first point of execute, ensuring the image quality the game.

The initial setup is written in the C language. It then calls our main assem- bly language subroutine. The main program is a loop of subroutine calls, each corresponding to a hori- zontal display line variant. These, in turn, consist of numerous direct pin manipulation commands to set the necessary video output levels inter- spersed with calls to a delay routine Screen 2: with a to affect the timing. After this are active display lines. The counter LINECOUNT is used to keep track of which line is being displayed, and this is compared with the bat and ball positions, then flags are set to indicate whether the bat or ball should be displayed on the Screen 3: the start of a current line.

The way these flags are set is a bit unusual. These are effectively bit- following opcode as a NOP no oper- der of the visible lines can be neatly maps hard-coded as brief assembly lan- ation if a test is true. These sequences broken up into sections that can be guage sequences, so the PWM output of commands all take the same time handled sequentially.

Thus, the ball disappears the necessary consistent timing. Player 1 bat, Player 1 score, the net, behind the scores, which could pro- For lines where the ball is visible, Player 2 score and Player 2 bat. For vide an advantage for a canny player. The PWM peripheral on the polarity of the PWM signal, thus get- 21 blank lines are displayed, followed PIC12F is quite advanced, with ting the XOR effect as the ball passes by a single customised blank line that phase and offset parameters.

The code for this line the PWM phase and its width by its Fig. The scores are handled slightly of the loop. Increas- recommended, as flux generates more has struck a wall or bat, the ball vector ing their value will create a gap near smoke than typical solder wire. Also like For example, replacing these four flux to the top of the pads. Its small the original game, each strike of the W resistors with W resistors plastic pegs should align it to holes bat can also increase the ball speed.

These events also trigger a sound and bottom of the bat travel. Clean the tip of the iron and add to be played, generated by a different If you have a 5V power source that some fresh solder. This be fed to pins 2 positive and 3 neg- the flux should help the solder run up gives a variety of differently toned ative of CON2. You only need to solder the beeps depending on what the ball but the circuit should run from a 4.

The two ADC channels for the pad- teries in series. If you create a solder bridge, add dles are alternately sampled and allo- some more flux and press the solder cated to their respective players. The Construction braid against the bridge until it draws relationship between the ADC value In keeping with the theme of this up any excess solder. There should and on-screen position is adjusted to being a modernised and miniaturised still be enough solder left to make a take into account the range set by the version of Pong, the PCB uses mainly successful connection.

SMD components. Since these are Turn up the iron temperature If the ADC value is outside this resistors and capacitors, with one IC slightly to solder the four larger pads range, then the bat position is not in a relatively large 8-pin SOIC pack- to the PCB that mechanically secure updated, which also takes care of the age plus the USB socket, assembly is the connector, then return the iron to case when the ADC pin is pulled low not difficult.

There should be corre- ball reaches the screen edges ie, miss- wiring diagram, Fig. Flags are set to indi- Start by mounting those SMDs. We Apply flux paste to the PCB pads cate that the player winning the point recommend that you have a tempera- and rest the IC in place. Add a little is to serve, and if the score has reached ture adjustable soldering iron, flux solder to the iron top and touch it to 11, that a win has occurred. The small PCB can be tempo- are not aligned with their pads, care- ning score is flashed.

This uses data from the score bitmap sequences in a hard-coded loop. An 8-bit timer counts down over fields at 50Hz, so this screen shows for around five seconds. Reduce the W Fig. Alterna- assemble. If you want to make the game harder,.

Then, if you have Parts List — Nano Pong bridged pins, use the braid to remove them as described above. Allow the board to dry out thoroughly before continuing. The eas- of the switch can be wired directly to Programming IC1 iest way to do this is using the mini- the pot wiper to save having to run We expect most constructors will USB socket, CON1. You might need to a bit tricky. The problem is that the obvious to indicate that the chip is modify the hole sizes if you are using programming pins, pins 7 ICSPDAT working, apart from using the software different parts.

Wiring it up different parts and enclosures. This is what our player controls look like, with a separate UB5 box for each controller. If everything Fig. There also needs to be a hole in the side of the box you can run the pot and switch wires back for the cable to pass through.

Strip back a good amount diameter heatshrink tubing. Ensure of the box for the wire. The bottom of of insulation and collect all the braids that the CON1 end does not overhang the box becomes the top when held in together.

Attach these to pin 1 of CON3 the connector. A 10cm length should the hand. Cut down the potentiometer shafts small amount. This is most easily done with Pins 3 should go to the left audio lead cause the ball to be served. Once one player Fit the pushbutton switches and power to CON1. You should see the reaches eleven points, the game is over.

You splash screen followed by the main The winning score will flash and a mel- can also fit your knobs at this stage. We game screen. Check that everything ody will play. Serving the ball starts whipped up some 3D printed knobs to operates correctly. SC give a bit more grip; the files are avail- able along with the firmware down- This is how we built our load from the Silicon Chip website. Nano Pong setup. It uses a Solder and heatshrink the wires as separate controller for each shown in Fig.

Run player, and has a composite the connecting cable out through the video connector. If you want to test the pad- dle operation, apply power and check for 3. This voltage should drop to 0V when the button is pressed. There are normally-closed variants of this switch, so if you find that the action is reversed, you might have this other variant.

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